[ { "name": "Hydrogen", "atomic_mass": 1.008, "boil": 20.271, "category": "diatomic nonmetal", "density": 0.08988, "discovered_by": "Henry Cavendish", "melt": 13.99, "number": 1, "period": 1, "group": 1, "phase": "Gas", "summary": "Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1. With a mass of 1.008 u, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.", "symbol": "H", "xpos": 1, "ypos": 1, "shells": [1], "electron_configuration_semantic": "1s¹", "electron_affinity": 72.769, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.2, "ionization_energies": [1312], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_001_hydrogen/element_001_hydrogen_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Helium", "atomic_mass": 4.0026022, "boil": 4.22, "category": "noble gas", "density": 0.1786, "discovered_by": "Pierre Janssen & Norman Lockyer", "melt": 0.95, "number": 2, "period": 1, "group": 18, "phase": "Gas", "summary": "Helium is a chemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas, the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling point is the lowest among all the elements.", "symbol": "He", "xpos": 18, "ypos": 1, "shells": [2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "1s²", "electron_affinity": -48, "electronegativity_pauling": null, "ionization_energies": [2372.3, 5250.5], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_002_helium/element_002_helium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Lithium", "atomic_mass": 6.94, "boil": 1615, "category": "alkali metal", "density": 0.534, "discovered_by": "Johan August Arfwedson", "melt": 453.65, "number": 3, "period": 2, "group": 1, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Lithium is a chemical element with the symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silvery-white metal belonging to the alkali metal group. Under standard conditions it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element.", "symbol": "Li", "xpos": 1, "ypos": 2, "shells": [2, 1], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[He] 2s¹", "electron_affinity": 59.6326, "electronegativity_pauling": 0.98, "ionization_energies": [520.2, 7298.1, 11815], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_003_lithium/element_003_lithium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Beryllium", "atomic_mass": 9.0121831, "boil": 2742, "category": "alkaline earth metal", "density": 1.85, "discovered_by": "Louis Nicolas Vauquelin", "melt": 1560, "number": 4, "period": 2, "group": 2, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Beryllium is a chemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is a relatively rare element in the universe, usually occurring as a product of the spallation of larger atomic nuclei that have collided with cosmic rays.", "symbol": "Be", "xpos": 2, "ypos": 2, "shells": [2, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[He] 2s²", "electron_affinity": -48, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.57, "ionization_energies": [899.5, 1757.1, 14848.7, 21006.6], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_004_beryllium/element_004_beryllium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Boron", "atomic_mass": 10.81, "boil": 4200, "category": "metalloid", "density": 2.34, "discovered_by": "Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac", "melt": 2349, "number": 5, "period": 2, "group": 13, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Boron is a metalloid chemical element with symbol B and atomic number 5. Produced entirely by cosmic ray spallation and supernovae and not by stellar nucleosynthesis, it is a low-abundance element in both the Solar system and the Earth's crust.", "symbol": "B", "xpos": 13, "ypos": 2, "shells": [2, 3], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[He] 2s² 2p¹", "electron_affinity": 26.989, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.04, "ionization_energies": [800.6, 2427.1, 3659.7, 25025.8, 32826.7], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_005_boron/element_005_boron_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Carbon", "atomic_mass": 12.011, "boil": 5100, "category": "polyatomic nonmetal", "density": 2.267, "discovered_by": "Ancient civilizations", "melt": 3823, "number": 6, "period": 2, "group": 14, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Carbon is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. It is the first (row 2) of six elements in column (group) 14, which have in common the composition of their outer electron shell.", "symbol": "C", "xpos": 14, "ypos": 2, "shells": [2, 4], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[He] 2s² 2p²", "electron_affinity": 121.7763, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.55, "ionization_energies": [1086.5, 2352.6, 4620.5, 6222.7, 37831, 47277], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_006_carbon/element_006_carbon_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Nitrogen", "atomic_mass": 14.007, "boil": 77.355, "category": "diatomic nonmetal", "density": 1.251, "discovered_by": "Daniel Rutherford", "melt": 63.15, "number": 7, "period": 2, "group": 15, "phase": "Gas", "summary": "Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7. It is the lightest pnictogen and at room temperature, it is a transparent, odorless diatomic gas. Nitrogen is a common element in the universe, estimated at about seventh in total abundance in the Milky Way and the Solar System.", "symbol": "N", "xpos": 15, "ypos": 2, "shells": [2, 5], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[He] 2s² 2p³", "electron_affinity": -6.8, "electronegativity_pauling": 3.04, "ionization_energies": [1402.3, 2856, 4578.1, 7475, 9444.9, 53266.6, 64360], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_007_nitrogen/element_007_nitrogen_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Oxygen", "atomic_mass": 15.999, "boil": 90.188, "category": "diatomic nonmetal", "density": 1.429, "discovered_by": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele", "melt": 54.36, "number": 8, "period": 2, "group": 16, "phase": "Gas", "summary": "Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds with most elements. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.", "symbol": "O", "xpos": 16, "ypos": 2, "shells": [2, 6], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[He] 2s² 2p⁴", "electron_affinity": 140.976, "electronegativity_pauling": 3.44, "ionization_energies": [1313.9, 3388.3, 5300.5, 7469.2, 10989.5, 13326, 71330, 84078], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_008_oxygen/element_008_oxygen_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Fluorine", "atomic_mass": 18.998403163, "boil": 85.03, "category": "diatomic nonmetal", "density": 1.696, "discovered_by": "André-Marie Ampère", "melt": 53.48, "number": 9, "period": 2, "group": 17, "phase": "Gas", "summary": "Fluorine is a chemical element with symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and exists as a highly toxic pale yellow diatomic gas at standard conditions. As the most electronegative element, it is extremely reactive: almost all other elements, including some noble gases, form compounds with fluorine.", "symbol": "F", "xpos": 17, "ypos": 2, "shells": [2, 7], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[He] 2s² 2p⁵", "electron_affinity": 328.1649, "electronegativity_pauling": 3.98, "ionization_energies": [1681, 3374.2, 6050.4, 8407.7, 11022.7, 15164.1, 17868, 92038.1, 106434.3], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_009_fluorine/element_009_fluorine_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Neon", "atomic_mass": 20.17976, "boil": 27.104, "category": "noble gas", "density": 0.9002, "discovered_by": "Morris Travers & William Ramsay", "melt": 24.56, "number": 10, "period": 2, "group": 18, "phase": "Gas", "summary": "Neon is a chemical element with symbol Ne and atomic number 10. It is in group 18 (noble gases) of the periodic table. Neon is a colorless, odorless, inert monatomic gas under standard conditions, with about two-thirds the density of air.", "symbol": "Ne", "xpos": 18, "ypos": 2, "shells": [2, 8], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[He] 2s² 2p⁶", "electron_affinity": -116, "electronegativity_pauling": null, "ionization_energies": [2080.7, 3952.3, 6122, 9371, 12177, 15238, 19999, 23069.5, 115379.5, 131432], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_010_neon/element_010_neon_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Sodium", "atomic_mass": 22.98976928, "boil": 1156.09, "category": "alkali metal", "density": 0.968, "discovered_by": "Humphry Davy", "melt": 370.944, "number": 11, "period": 3, "group": 1, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. In the periodic table, it is in column 1 (alkali metals), and shares with the other elements in that column that it has a single electron in its outer shell, which it readily donates, creating a positively charged atom—a cation.", "symbol": "Na", "xpos": 1, "ypos": 3, "shells": [2, 8, 1], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ne] 3s¹", "electron_affinity": 52.867, "electronegativity_pauling": 0.93, "ionization_energies": [495.8, 4562, 6910.3, 9543, 13354, 16613, 20117, 25496, 28932, 141362, 159076], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_011_sodium/element_011_sodium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Magnesium", "atomic_mass": 24.305, "boil": 1363, "category": "alkaline earth metal", "density": 1.738, "discovered_by": "Joseph Black", "melt": 923, "number": 12, "period": 3, "group": 2, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12. It is a shiny gray solid which bears a close physical resemblance to the other five elements in the second column (Group 2, or alkaline earth metals) of the periodic table.", "symbol": "Mg", "xpos": 2, "ypos": 3, "shells": [2, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ne] 3s²", "electron_affinity": -40, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.31, "ionization_energies": [737.7, 1450.7, 7732.7, 10542.5, 13630, 18020, 21711, 25661, 31653, 35458, 169988, 189368], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_012_magnesium/element_012_magnesium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Aluminium", "atomic_mass": 26.9815385, "boil": 2743, "category": "post-transition metal", "density": 2.7, "discovered_by": "Hans Christian Ørsted", "melt": 933.47, "number": 13, "period": 3, "group": 13, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Aluminium is a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal. Aluminium is the third most abundant element, and the most abundant metal, in the Earth's crust.", "symbol": "Al", "xpos": 13, "ypos": 3, "shells": [2, 8, 3], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ne] 3s² 3p¹", "electron_affinity": 41.762, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.61, "ionization_energies": [577.5, 1816.7, 2744.8, 11577, 14842, 18379, 23326, 27465, 31853, 38473, 42647, 201266, 222316], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_013_aluminum/element_013_aluminum_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Silicon", "atomic_mass": 28.085, "boil": 3538, "category": "metalloid", "density": 2.329, "discovered_by": "Jöns Jacob Berzelius", "melt": 1687, "number": 14, "period": 3, "group": 14, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a tetravalent metalloid, more reactive than germanium, the metalloid directly below it in the table, but less reactive than nonmetallic carbon, the element directly above it in the table.", "symbol": "Si", "xpos": 14, "ypos": 3, "shells": [2, 8, 4], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ne] 3s² 3p²", "electron_affinity": 134.0684, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.9, "ionization_energies": [786.5, 1577.1, 3231.6, 4355.5, 16091, 19805, 23780, 29287, 33878, 38726, 45962, 50502, 235196, 257923], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_014_silicon/element_014_silicon_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Phosphorus", "atomic_mass": 30.973762, "boil": 553.65, "category": "polyatomic nonmetal", "density": 1.823, "discovered_by": "Hennig Brand", "melt": 317.3, "number": 15, "period": 3, "group": 15, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Phosphorus is a chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15. As an element, phosphorus exists in two major forms—white phosphorus and red phosphorus—but because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth.", "symbol": "P", "xpos": 15, "ypos": 3, "shells": [2, 8, 5], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ne] 3s² 3p³", "electron_affinity": 72.037, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.19, "ionization_energies": [1011.8, 1907, 2914.1, 4963.6, 6273.9, 21267, 25431, 29872, 35905, 40950, 46261, 54110, 59024, 271791, 296195], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_015_phosphorus/element_015_phosphorus_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Sulfur", "atomic_mass": 32.06, "boil": 717.8, "category": "polyatomic nonmetal", "density": 2.07, "discovered_by": "Ancient civilizations", "melt": 388.36, "number": 16, "period": 3, "group": 16, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Sulfur or sulphur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16. It is an abundant, multivalent non-metal. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with a chemical formula S₈.", "symbol": "S", "xpos": 16, "ypos": 3, "shells": [2, 8, 6], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ne] 3s² 3p⁴", "electron_affinity": 200.4101, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.58, "ionization_energies": [999.6, 2252, 3357, 4556, 7004.3, 8495.8, 27107, 31719, 36621, 43177, 48710, 54460, 62930, 68216, 311048, 337138], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_016_sulfur/element_016_sulfur_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Chlorine", "atomic_mass": 35.45, "boil": 239.11, "category": "diatomic nonmetal", "density": 3.2, "discovered_by": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele", "melt": 171.6, "number": 17, "period": 3, "group": 17, "phase": "Gas", "summary": "Chlorine is a chemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17. It also has a relative atomic mass of 35.5. Chlorine is in the halogen group (17) and is the second lightest halogen following fluorine.", "symbol": "Cl", "xpos": 17, "ypos": 3, "shells": [2, 8, 7], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ne] 3s² 3p⁵", "electron_affinity": 348.575, "electronegativity_pauling": 3.16, "ionization_energies": [1251.2, 2298, 3822, 5158.6, 6542, 9362, 11018, 33604, 38600, 43961, 51068, 57119, 63363, 72341, 78095, 352994, 380760], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_017_chlorine/element_017_chlorine_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Argon", "atomic_mass": 39.9481, "boil": 87.302, "category": "noble gas", "density": 1.784, "discovered_by": "Lord Rayleigh & William Ramsay", "melt": 83.81, "number": 18, "period": 3, "group": 18, "phase": "Gas", "summary": "Argon is a chemical element with symbol Ar and atomic number 18. It is in group 18 of the periodic table and is a noble gas. Argon is the third most common gas in the Earth's atmosphere, at 0.934% (9,340 ppmv).", "symbol": "Ar", "xpos": 18, "ypos": 3, "shells": [2, 8, 8], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ne] 3s² 3p⁶", "electron_affinity": -96, "electronegativity_pauling": null, "ionization_energies": [1520.6, 2665.8, 3931, 5771, 7238, 8781, 11995, 13842, 40760, 46186, 52002, 59653, 66199, 72918, 82473, 88576, 397605, 427066], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_018_argon/element_018_argon_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Potassium", "atomic_mass": 39.09831, "boil": 1032, "category": "alkali metal", "density": 0.862, "discovered_by": "Humphry Davy", "melt": 336.7, "number": 19, "period": 4, "group": 1, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Potassium is a chemical element with symbol K and atomic number 19. It was first isolated from potash, the ashes of plants, from which its name derives. In the Periodic table, potassium is one of seven elements in column (group) 1 (alkali metals).", "symbol": "K", "xpos": 1, "ypos": 4, "shells": [2, 8, 8, 1], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 4s¹", "electron_affinity": 48.383, "electronegativity_pauling": 0.82, "ionization_energies": [418.8, 3052, 4420, 5877, 7975, 9590, 11343, 14944, 16963.7, 48610, 54490, 60730, 68950, 75900, 83080, 93400, 99710, 444880, 476063], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_019_potassium/element_019_potassium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Calcium", "atomic_mass": 40.0784, "boil": 1757, "category": "alkaline earth metal", "density": 1.55, "discovered_by": "Humphry Davy", "melt": 1115, "number": 20, "period": 4, "group": 2, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20. Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. The ion Ca²⁺ is also the fifth-most-abundant dissolved ion in seawater by both molarity and mass.", "symbol": "Ca", "xpos": 2, "ypos": 4, "shells": [2, 8, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 4s²", "electron_affinity": 2.37, "electronegativity_pauling": 1, "ionization_energies": [589.8, 1145.4, 4912.4, 6491, 8153, 10496, 12270, 14206, 18191, 20385, 57110, 63410, 70110, 78890, 86310, 94000, 104900, 111700, 494850, 527792], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_020_calcium/element_020_calcium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Scandium", "atomic_mass": 44.955908, "boil": 3109, "category": "transition metal", "density": 2.985, "discovered_by": "Lars Fredrik Nilson", "melt": 1814, "number": 21, "period": 4, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Scandium is a chemical element with symbol Sc and atomic number 21. A silvery-white metallic d-block element, it has historically been sometimes classified as a rare earth element, along with yttrium and the lanthanoids.", "symbol": "Sc", "xpos": 3, "ypos": 4, "shells": [2, 8, 9, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d¹ 4s²", "electron_affinity": 18, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.36, "ionization_energies": [633.1, 1235, 2388.6, 7090.6, 8843, 10679, 13310, 15250, 17370, 21726, 24102, 66320, 73010, 80160, 89490, 97400, 105600, 117000, 124270, 547530, 582163], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_021_scandium/element_021_scandium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Titanium", "atomic_mass": 47.8671, "boil": 3560, "category": "transition metal", "density": 4.506, "discovered_by": "William Gregor", "melt": 1941, "number": 22, "period": 4, "group": 4, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density and high strength. It is highly resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia and chlorine.", "symbol": "Ti", "xpos": 4, "ypos": 4, "shells": [2, 8, 10, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d² 4s²", "electron_affinity": 7.289, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.54, "ionization_energies": [658.8, 1309.8, 2652.5, 4174.6, 9581, 11533, 13590, 16440, 18530, 20833, 25575, 28125, 76015, 83280, 90880, 100700, 109100, 117800, 129900, 137530, 602930, 639294], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_022_titanium/element_022_titanium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Vanadium", "atomic_mass": 50.94151, "boil": 3680, "category": "transition metal", "density": 6, "discovered_by": "Andrés Manuel del Río", "melt": 2183, "number": 23, "period": 4, "group": 5, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Vanadium is a chemical element with symbol V and atomic number 23. It is a hard, silvery grey, ductile, malleable transition metal. The elemental metal is rarely found in nature, but once isolated artificially, the formation of an oxide layer stabilizes the free metal against further oxidation.", "symbol": "V", "xpos": 5, "ypos": 4, "shells": [2, 8, 11, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d³ 4s²", "electron_affinity": 50.911, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.63, "ionization_energies": [650.9, 1414, 2830, 4507, 6298.7, 12363, 14530, 16730, 19860, 22240, 24670, 29730, 32446, 86450, 94170, 102300, 112700, 121600, 130700, 143400, 151440, 661050, 699144], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_023_vanadium/element_023_vanadium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Chromium", "atomic_mass": 51.99616, "boil": 2944, "category": "transition metal", "density": 7.19, "discovered_by": "Louis Nicolas Vauquelin", "melt": 2180, "number": 24, "period": 4, "group": 6, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Chromium is a chemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first element in Group 6. It is a steely-gray, lustrous, hard and brittle metal which takes a high polish, resists tarnishing, and has a high melting point.", "symbol": "Cr", "xpos": 6, "ypos": 4, "shells": [2, 8, 13, 1], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹", "electron_affinity": 65.21, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.66, "ionization_energies": [652.9, 1590.6, 2987, 4743, 6702, 8744.9, 15455, 17820, 20190, 23580, 26130, 28750, 34230, 37066, 97510, 105800, 114300, 125300, 134700, 144300, 157700, 166090, 721870, 761733], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_024_chromium/element_024_chromium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Manganese", "atomic_mass": 54.938044, "boil": 2334, "category": "transition metal", "density": 7.21, "discovered_by": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele", "melt": 1519, "number": 25, "period": 4, "group": 7, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Manganese is a chemical element with symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is not found as a free element in nature; it is often found in combination with iron, and in many minerals. Manganese is a silvery-gray metal that resembles iron.", "symbol": "Mn", "xpos": 7, "ypos": 4, "shells": [2, 8, 13, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d⁵ 4s²", "electron_affinity": -50, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.55, "ionization_energies": [717.3, 1509, 3248, 4940, 6990, 9220, 11500, 18770, 21400, 23960, 27590, 30330, 33150, 38880, 41987, 109480, 118100, 127100, 138600, 148500, 158600, 172500, 181380, 785450, 827067], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_025_manganese/element_025_manganese_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Iron", "atomic_mass": 55.8452, "boil": 3134, "category": "transition metal", "density": 7.874, "discovered_by": "5000 BC", "melt": 1811, "number": 26, "period": 4, "group": 8, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core.", "symbol": "Fe", "xpos": 8, "ypos": 4, "shells": [2, 8, 14, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d⁶ 4s²", "electron_affinity": 14.785, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.83, "ionization_energies": [762.5, 1561.9, 2957, 5290, 7240, 9560, 12060, 14580, 22540, 25290, 28000, 31920, 34830, 37840, 44100, 47206, 122200, 131000, 140500, 152600, 163000, 173600, 188100, 195200, 851800, 895161], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_026_iron/element_026_iron_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Cobalt", "atomic_mass": 58.933194, "boil": 3200, "category": "transition metal", "density": 8.9, "discovered_by": "Georg Brandt", "melt": 1768, "number": 27, "period": 4, "group": 9, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. Like nickel, cobalt is found in the Earth's crust only in chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal.", "symbol": "Co", "xpos": 9, "ypos": 4, "shells": [2, 8, 15, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d⁷ 4s²", "electron_affinity": 63.898, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.88, "ionization_energies": [760.4, 1648, 3232, 4950, 7670, 9840, 12440, 15230, 17959, 26570, 29400, 32400, 36600, 39700, 42800, 49396, 52737, 134810, 145170, 154700, 167400, 178100, 189300, 204500, 214100, 920870, 966023], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_027_cobalt/element_027_cobalt_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Nickel", "atomic_mass": 58.69344, "boil": 3003, "category": "transition metal", "density": 8.908, "discovered_by": "Axel Fredrik Cronstedt", "melt": 1728, "number": 28, "period": 4, "group": 10, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile.", "symbol": "Ni", "xpos": 10, "ypos": 4, "shells": [2, 8, 16, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d⁸ 4s²", "electron_affinity": 111.65, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.91, "ionization_energies": [737.1, 1753, 3395, 5300, 7339, 10400, 12800, 15600, 18600, 21670, 30970, 34000, 37100, 41500, 44800, 48100, 55101, 58570, 148700, 159000, 169400, 182700, 194000, 205600, 221400, 231500, 992718, 1039668], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_028_nickel/element_028_nickel_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Copper", "atomic_mass": 63.5463, "boil": 2835, "category": "transition metal", "density": 8.96, "discovered_by": "Middle East", "melt": 1357.77, "number": 29, "period": 4, "group": 11, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish-orange color.", "symbol": "Cu", "xpos": 11, "ypos": 4, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 1], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹", "electron_affinity": 119.235, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.9, "ionization_energies": [745.5, 1957.9, 3555, 5536, 7700, 9900, 13400, 16000, 19200, 22400, 25600, 35600, 38700, 42000, 46700, 50200, 53700, 61100, 64702, 163700, 174100, 184900, 198800, 210500, 222700, 239100, 249600, 1067278, 1116105], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_029_copper/element_029_copper_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Zinc", "atomic_mass": 65.382, "boil": 1180, "category": "transition metal", "density": 7.14, "discovered_by": "India", "melt": 692.68, "number": 30, "period": 4, "group": 12, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Zinc, in commerce also spelter, is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element of group 12 of the periodic table. In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2.", "symbol": "Zn", "xpos": 12, "ypos": 4, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s²", "electron_affinity": -58, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.65, "ionization_energies": [906.4, 1733.3, 3833, 5731, 7970, 10400, 12900, 16800, 19600, 23000, 26400, 29990, 40490, 43800, 47300, 52300, 55900, 59700, 67300, 71200, 179100], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_030_zinc/element_030_zinc_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Gallium", "atomic_mass": 69.7231, "boil": 2673, "category": "post-transition metal", "density": 5.91, "discovered_by": "Lecoq de Boisbaudran", "melt": 302.9146, "number": 31, "period": 4, "group": 13, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Gallium is a chemical element with symbol Ga and atomic number 31. Elemental gallium does not occur in free form in nature, but as gallium(III) compounds that are in trace amounts in zinc ores and in bauxite.", "symbol": "Ga", "xpos": 13, "ypos": 4, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 3], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p¹", "electron_affinity": 41, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.81, "ionization_energies": [578.8, 1979.3, 2963, 6180], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_031_gallium/element_031_gallium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Germanium", "atomic_mass": 72.6308, "boil": 3106, "category": "metalloid", "density": 5.323, "discovered_by": "Clemens Winkler", "melt": 1211.4, "number": 32, "period": 4, "group": 14, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Germanium is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon.", "symbol": "Ge", "xpos": 14, "ypos": 4, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 4], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²", "electron_affinity": 118.9352, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.01, "ionization_energies": [762, 1537.5, 3302.1, 4411, 9020], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_032_germanium/element_032_germanium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Arsenic", "atomic_mass": 74.921595, "boil": 887, "category": "metalloid", "density": 5.727, "discovered_by": "Ancient civilizations", "melt": 1090, "number": 33, "period": 4, "group": 15, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Arsenic is a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33. Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in conjunction with sulfur and metals, and also as a pure elemental crystal. Arsenic is a metalloid.", "symbol": "As", "xpos": 15, "ypos": 4, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 5], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p³", "electron_affinity": 77.65, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.18, "ionization_energies": [947, 1798, 2735, 4837, 6043, 12310], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_033_arsenic/element_033_arsenic_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Selenium", "atomic_mass": 78.9718, "boil": 958, "category": "polyatomic nonmetal", "density": 4.81, "discovered_by": "Jöns Jacob Berzelius", "melt": 494, "number": 34, "period": 4, "group": 16, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34. It is a nonmetal with properties that are intermediate between those of its periodic table column-adjacent chalcogen elements sulfur and tellurium.", "symbol": "Se", "xpos": 16, "ypos": 4, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 6], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁴", "electron_affinity": 194.9587, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.55, "ionization_energies": [941, 2045, 2973.7, 4144, 6590, 7880, 14990], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_034_selenium/element_034_selenium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Bromine", "atomic_mass": 79.904, "boil": 332, "category": "diatomic nonmetal", "density": 3.1028, "discovered_by": "Antoine Jérôme Balard & Carl Jacob Löwig", "melt": 265.8, "number": 35, "period": 4, "group": 17, "phase": "Liquid", "summary": "Bromine is a chemical element with symbol Br, and atomic number 35. It is a halogen. The element was isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig and Antoine Jérôme Balard, in 1825–1826.", "symbol": "Br", "xpos": 17, "ypos": 4, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 7], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁵", "electron_affinity": 324.537, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.96, "ionization_energies": [1139.9, 2103, 3470, 4560, 5760, 8550, 9940, 18600], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_035_bromine/element_035_bromine_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Krypton", "atomic_mass": 83.7982, "boil": 119.93, "category": "noble gas", "density": 3.749, "discovered_by": "Morris Travers & William Ramsay", "melt": 115.78, "number": 36, "period": 4, "group": 18, "phase": "Gas", "summary": "Krypton is a chemical element with symbol Kr and atomic number 36. It is a member of group 18 (noble gases) elements. A colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, krypton occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere.", "symbol": "Kr", "xpos": 18, "ypos": 4, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 8], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶", "electron_affinity": -96, "electronegativity_pauling": 3, "ionization_energies": [1350.8, 2350.4, 3565, 5070, 6240, 7570, 10710, 12138, 22274], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_036_krypton/element_036_krypton_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Rubidium", "atomic_mass": 85.4678, "boil": 961, "category": "alkali metal", "density": 1.532, "discovered_by": "Robert Bunsen & Gustav Kirchhoff", "melt": 312.45, "number": 37, "period": 5, "group": 1, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Rubidium is a chemical element with symbol Rb and atomic number 37. Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metal group, with an atomic mass of 85.4678.", "symbol": "Rb", "xpos": 1, "ypos": 5, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 8, 1], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 5s¹", "electron_affinity": 46.884, "electronegativity_pauling": 0.82, "ionization_energies": [403, 2633, 3860, 5080, 6850, 8140, 9570, 13120, 14500, 26740], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_037_rubidium/element_037_rubidium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Strontium", "atomic_mass": 87.621, "boil": 1650, "category": "alkaline earth metal", "density": 2.64, "discovered_by": "William Cruickshank", "melt": 1050, "number": 38, "period": 5, "group": 2, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Strontium is a chemical element with symbol Sr and atomic number 38. An alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element that is highly reactive chemically. The metal turns yellow when it is exposed to air.", "symbol": "Sr", "xpos": 2, "ypos": 5, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 5s²", "electron_affinity": 5.023, "electronegativity_pauling": 0.95, "ionization_energies": [549.5, 1064.2, 4138, 5500, 6910, 8760, 10200, 11800, 15600, 17100, 31270], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_038_strontium/element_038_strontium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Yttrium", "atomic_mass": 88.90584, "boil": 3203, "category": "transition metal", "density": 4.472, "discovered_by": "Johan Gadolin", "melt": 1799, "number": 39, "period": 5, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Yttrium is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and it has often been classified as a 'rare earth element'.", "symbol": "Y", "xpos": 3, "ypos": 5, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 9, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d¹ 5s²", "electron_affinity": 29.6, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.22, "ionization_energies": [600, 1180, 1980, 5847, 7430, 8970, 11190, 12450, 14110, 18400, 19900, 36090], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_039_yttrium/element_039_yttrium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Zirconium", "atomic_mass": 91.2242, "boil": 4650, "category": "transition metal", "density": 6.52, "discovered_by": "Martin Heinrich Klaproth", "melt": 2128, "number": 40, "period": 5, "group": 4, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Zirconium is a chemical element with symbol Zr and atomic number 40. The name of zirconium is taken from the name of the mineral zircon, the most important source of zirconium.", "symbol": "Zr", "xpos": 4, "ypos": 5, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 10, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d² 5s²", "electron_affinity": 41.806, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.33, "ionization_energies": [640.1, 1270, 2218, 3313, 7752, 9500], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_040_zirconium/element_040_zirconium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Niobium", "atomic_mass": 92.90637, "boil": 5017, "category": "transition metal", "density": 8.57, "discovered_by": "Charles Hatchett", "melt": 2750, "number": 41, "period": 5, "group": 5, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Niobium, formerly columbium, is a chemical element with symbol Nb and atomic number 41. It is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, which is often found in the pyrochlore mineral.", "symbol": "Nb", "xpos": 5, "ypos": 5, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 12, 1], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d⁴ 5s¹", "electron_affinity": 88.516, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.6, "ionization_energies": [652.1, 1380, 2416, 3700, 4877, 9847, 12100], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_041_niobium/element_041_niobium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Molybdenum", "atomic_mass": 95.951, "boil": 4912, "category": "transition metal", "density": 10.28, "discovered_by": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele", "melt": 2896, "number": 42, "period": 5, "group": 6, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Molybdenum is a chemical element with symbol Mo and atomic number 42. The name is from Neo-Latin molybdaenum, from Ancient Greek Μόλυβδος molybdos, meaning lead, since its ores were confused with lead ores.", "symbol": "Mo", "xpos": 6, "ypos": 5, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 13, 1], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d⁵ 5s¹", "electron_affinity": 72.1, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.16, "ionization_energies": [684.3, 1560, 2618, 4480, 5257, 6640.8, 12125, 13860, 15835, 17980, 20190, 22219, 26930, 29196], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_042_molybdenum/element_042_molybdenum_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Technetium", "atomic_mass": 98, "boil": 4538, "category": "transition metal", "density": 11, "discovered_by": "Emilio Segrè & Carlo Perrier", "melt": 2430, "number": 43, "period": 5, "group": 7, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Technetium is a chemical element with symbol Tc and atomic number 43. It is the element with the lowest atomic number in the periodic table that has no stable isotopes: every form of it is radioactive.", "symbol": "Tc", "xpos": 7, "ypos": 5, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 13, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d⁵ 5s²", "electron_affinity": 53, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.9, "ionization_energies": [702, 1470, 2850], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_043_technetium/element_043_technetium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Ruthenium", "atomic_mass": 101.072, "boil": 4423, "category": "transition metal", "density": 12.45, "discovered_by": "Karl Ernst Claus", "melt": 2607, "number": 44, "period": 5, "group": 8, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals.", "symbol": "Ru", "xpos": 8, "ypos": 5, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 15, 1], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d⁷ 5s¹", "electron_affinity": 100.96, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.2, "ionization_energies": [710.2, 1620, 2747], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_044_ruthenium/element_044_ruthenium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Rhodium", "atomic_mass": 102.90550, "boil": 3968, "category": "transition metal", "density": 12.41, "discovered_by": "William Hyde Wollaston", "melt": 2237, "number": 45, "period": 5, "group": 9, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Rhodium is a chemical element with symbol Rh and atomic number 45. It is a rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion-resistant and chemically inert transition metal. It is a member of the platinum group.", "symbol": "Rh", "xpos": 9, "ypos": 5, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 16, 1], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d⁸ 5s¹", "electron_affinity": 110.27, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.28, "ionization_energies": [719.7, 1740, 2997], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_045_rhodium/element_045_rhodium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Palladium", "atomic_mass": 106.421, "boil": 3236, "category": "transition metal", "density": 12.023, "discovered_by": "William Hyde Wollaston", "melt": 1828.05, "number": 46, "period": 5, "group": 10, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Palladium is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston.", "symbol": "Pd", "xpos": 10, "ypos": 5, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 18], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d¹⁰", "electron_affinity": 54.24, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.2, "ionization_energies": [804.4, 1870, 3177], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_046_palladium/element_046_palladium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Silver", "atomic_mass": 107.8682, "boil": 2435, "category": "transition metal", "density": 10.49, "discovered_by": "unknown, before 5000 BC", "melt": 1234.93, "number": 47, "period": 5, "group": 11, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Silver is a chemical element with symbol Ag and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it possesses the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and reflectivity of any metal.", "symbol": "Ag", "xpos": 11, "ypos": 5, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 18, 1], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s¹", "electron_affinity": 125.862, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.93, "ionization_energies": [731, 2070, 3361], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_047_silver/element_047_silver_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Cadmium", "atomic_mass": 112.414, "boil": 1040, "category": "transition metal", "density": 8.65, "discovered_by": "Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann & Friedrich Stromeyer", "melt": 594.22, "number": 48, "period": 5, "group": 12, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Cadmium is a chemical element with symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury.", "symbol": "Cd", "xpos": 12, "ypos": 5, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 18, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s²", "electron_affinity": -68, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.69, "ionization_energies": [867.8, 1631.4, 3616], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_048_cadmium/element_048_cadmium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Indium", "atomic_mass": 114.818, "boil": 2345, "category": "post-transition metal", "density": 7.31, "discovered_by": "Ferdinand Reich", "melt": 429.7485, "number": 49, "period": 5, "group": 13, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Indium is a chemical element with symbol In and atomic number 49. It is a post-transition metallic element that is rare in Earth's crust. The metal is very soft, malleable and easily fusible.", "symbol": "In", "xpos": 13, "ypos": 5, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 18, 3], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p¹", "electron_affinity": 37.043, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.78, "ionization_energies": [558.3, 1820.7, 2704, 5210], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_049_indium/element_049_indium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Tin", "atomic_mass": 118.710, "boil": 2875, "category": "post-transition metal", "density": 7.365, "discovered_by": "unknown, before 3500 BC", "melt": 505.08, "number": 50, "period": 5, "group": 14, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn and atomic number 50. It is a main group metal in group 14 of the periodic table. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both neighboring elements in group 14, germanium and lead.", "symbol": "Sn", "xpos": 14, "ypos": 5, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 18, 4], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p²", "electron_affinity": 107.2984, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.96, "ionization_energies": [708.6, 1411.8, 2943, 3930.3, 7456], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_050_tin/element_050_tin_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Antimony", "atomic_mass": 121.760, "boil": 1908, "category": "metalloid", "density": 6.697, "discovered_by": "unknown, before 3000 BC", "melt": 903.78, "number": 51, "period": 5, "group": 15, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Antimony is a chemical element with symbol Sb and atomic number 51. A lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite (Sb₂S₃).", "symbol": "Sb", "xpos": 15, "ypos": 5, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 18, 5], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p³", "electron_affinity": 101.059, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.05, "ionization_energies": [834, 1594.9, 2440, 4260, 5400, 10400], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_051_antimony/element_051_antimony_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Tellurium", "atomic_mass": 127.60, "boil": 1261, "category": "metalloid", "density": 6.24, "discovered_by": "Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein", "melt": 722.66, "number": 52, "period": 5, "group": 16, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Tellurium is a chemical element with symbol Te and atomic number 52. It is a brittle, mildly toxic, rare, silver-white metalloid. Tellurium is chemically related to selenium and sulfur.", "symbol": "Te", "xpos": 16, "ypos": 5, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 18, 6], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁴", "electron_affinity": 190.161, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.1, "ionization_energies": [869.3, 1790, 2698, 3610, 5668, 6820, 13200], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_052_tellurium/element_052_tellurium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Iodine", "atomic_mass": 126.90447, "boil": 457.4, "category": "diatomic nonmetal", "density": 4.933, "discovered_by": "Bernard Courtois", "melt": 386.85, "number": 53, "period": 5, "group": 17, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Iodine is a chemical element with symbol I and atomic number 53. The name is from Greek ἰοειδής ioeidēs, meaning violet or purple, due to the color of iodine vapor.", "symbol": "I", "xpos": 17, "ypos": 5, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 18, 7], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁵", "electron_affinity": 295.1531, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.66, "ionization_energies": [1008.4, 1845.9, 3180], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_053_iodine/element_053_iodine_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Xenon", "atomic_mass": 131.293, "boil": 165.051, "category": "noble gas", "density": 5.894, "discovered_by": "Morris Travers & William Ramsay", "melt": 161.4, "number": 54, "period": 5, "group": 18, "phase": "Gas", "summary": "Xenon is a chemical element with symbol Xe and atomic number 54. It is a colorless, dense, odorless noble gas, that occurs in the Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts.", "symbol": "Xe", "xpos": 18, "ypos": 5, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 18, 8], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶", "electron_affinity": -77, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.6, "ionization_energies": [1170.4, 2046.4, 3099.4], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_054_xenon/element_054_xenon_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Caesium", "atomic_mass": 132.90545196, "boil": 944, "category": "alkali metal", "density": 1.93, "discovered_by": "Robert Bunsen & Gustav Kirchhoff", "melt": 301.7, "number": 55, "period": 6, "group": 1, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Caesium or cesium is a chemical element with symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C (82 °F), which makes it one of only five elemental metals that are liquid at or near room temperature.", "symbol": "Cs", "xpos": 1, "ypos": 6, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 6s¹", "electron_affinity": 45.505, "electronegativity_pauling": 0.79, "ionization_energies": [375.7, 2234.3, 3400], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_055_cesium/element_055_cesium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Barium", "atomic_mass": 137.327, "boil": 2118, "category": "alkaline earth metal", "density": 3.51, "discovered_by": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele", "melt": 1000, "number": 56, "period": 6, "group": 2, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Barium is a chemical element with symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in Group 2, a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal. Because of its high chemical reactivity barium is never found in nature as a a free element.", "symbol": "Ba", "xpos": 2, "ypos": 6, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 6s²", "electron_affinity": 13.954, "electronegativity_pauling": 0.89, "ionization_energies": [502.9, 965.2, 3600], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_056_barium/element_056_barium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Lanthanum", "atomic_mass": 138.90547, "boil": 3737, "category": "lanthanide", "density": 6.162, "discovered_by": "Carl Gustaf Mosander", "melt": 1193, "number": 57, "period": 6, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Lanthanum is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metallic chemical element with symbol La and atomic number 57. It tarnishes rapidly when exposed to air and is soft enough to be cut with a knife.", "symbol": "La", "xpos": 3, "ypos": 9, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 18, 9, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 5d¹ 6s²", "electron_affinity": 53, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.1, "ionization_energies": [538.1, 1067, 1850.3, 4819, 5940], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_057_lanthanum/element_057_lanthanum_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Cerium", "atomic_mass": 140.116, "boil": 3716, "category": "lanthanide", "density": 6.77, "discovered_by": "Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jacob Berzelius, and Wilhelm Hisinger", "melt": 1068, "number": 58, "period": 6, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Cerium is a chemical element with symbol Ce and atomic number 58. It is a soft, silvery, ductile metal which easily oxidizes in air. Cerium was named after the dwarf planet Ceres.", "symbol": "Ce", "xpos": 4, "ypos": 9, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 19, 9, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f¹ 5d¹ 6s²", "electron_affinity": 55, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.12, "ionization_energies": [534.4, 1047, 1949, 3547, 6325, 7490], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_058_cerium/element_058_cerium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Praseodymium", "atomic_mass": 140.90766, "boil": 3403, "category": "lanthanide", "density": 6.77, "discovered_by": "Carl Auer von Welsbach", "melt": 1208, "number": 59, "period": 6, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Praseodymium is a chemical element with symbol Pr and atomic number 59. Praseodymium is a soft, silvery, malleable and ductile metal in the lanthanide group.", "symbol": "Pr", "xpos": 5, "ypos": 9, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 21, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f³ 6s²", "electron_affinity": 93, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.13, "ionization_energies": [527, 1020, 2086, 3761, 5551], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_059_praseodymium/element_059_praseodymium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Neodymium", "atomic_mass": 144.242, "boil": 3347, "category": "lanthanide", "density": 7.01, "discovered_by": "Carl Auer von Welsbach", "melt": 1297, "number": 60, "period": 6, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Neodymium is a chemical element with symbol Nd and atomic number 60. It is a soft silvery metal that tarnishes in air. Neodymium was discovered in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach.", "symbol": "Nd", "xpos": 6, "ypos": 9, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 22, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f⁴ 6s²", "electron_affinity": 184.87, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.14, "ionization_energies": [533.1, 1040, 2130, 3900], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_060_neodymium/element_060_neodymium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Promethium", "atomic_mass": 145, "boil": 3273, "category": "lanthanide", "density": 7.26, "discovered_by": "Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, and Hans Bethe", "melt": 1315, "number": 61, "period": 6, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Promethium is a chemical element with the symbol Pm and atomic number 61. All of its isotopes are radioactive; it is one of only two such elements that are followed in the periodic table by elements with stable forms, the other being technetium.", "symbol": "Pm", "xpos": 7, "ypos": 9, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f⁵ 6s²", "electron_affinity": 12.45, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.13, "ionization_energies": [540, 1050, 2150, 3970], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_061_promethium/element_061_promethium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Samarium", "atomic_mass": 150.36, "boil": 2173, "category": "lanthanide", "density": 7.52, "discovered_by": "Lecoq de Boisbaudran", "melt": 1345, "number": 62, "period": 6, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Samarium is a chemical element with symbol Sm and atomic number 62. It is a moderately hard silvery metal that readily oxidizes in air. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, samarium usually assumes the oxidation state +3.", "symbol": "Sm", "xpos": 8, "ypos": 9, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 24, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f⁶ 6s²", "electron_affinity": 15.63, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.17, "ionization_energies": [544.5, 1070, 2260, 3990], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_062_samarium/element_062_samarium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Europium", "atomic_mass": 151.964, "boil": 1802, "category": "lanthanide", "density": 5.264, "discovered_by": "Eugène-Anatole Demarçay", "melt": 1099, "number": 63, "period": 6, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Europium is a chemical element with symbol Eu and atomic number 63. It is a moderately hard, silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water. It belongs to the lanthanide series and is the most reactive of all the rare-earth elements.", "symbol": "Eu", "xpos": 9, "ypos": 9, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 25, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f⁷ 6s²", "electron_affinity": 11.2, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.2, "ionization_energies": [547.1, 1085, 2404, 4120], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_063_europium/element_063_europium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Gadolinium", "atomic_mass": 157.25, "boil": 3273, "category": "lanthanide", "density": 7.9, "discovered_by": "Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac", "melt": 1585, "number": 64, "period": 6, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Gadolinium is a chemical element with symbol Gd and atomic number 64. It is a silvery-white, malleable and ductile rare-earth metal. It is found in nature only in combined (salt) form.", "symbol": "Gd", "xpos": 10, "ypos": 9, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f⁷ 5d¹ 6s²", "electron_affinity": 13.22, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.2, "ionization_energies": [593.4, 1170, 1990, 4250], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_064_gadolinium/element_064_gadolinium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Terbium", "atomic_mass": 158.92535, "boil": 3396, "category": "lanthanide", "density": 8.23, "discovered_by": "Carl Gustaf Mosander", "melt": 1629, "number": 65, "period": 6, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Terbium is a chemical element with symbol Tb and atomic number 65. It is a silvery-white rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile and soft enough to be cut with a knife.", "symbol": "Tb", "xpos": 11, "ypos": 9, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 27, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f⁹ 6s²", "electron_affinity": 112.4, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.2, "ionization_energies": [565.8, 1110, 2114, 3839], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_065_terbium/element_065_terbium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Dysprosium", "atomic_mass": 162.500, "boil": 2840, "category": "lanthanide", "density": 8.54, "discovered_by": "Lecoq de Boisbaudran", "melt": 1680, "number": 66, "period": 6, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Dysprosium is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is a rare earth element with a metallic silver luster. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element, though it is found in various minerals, such as xenotime.", "symbol": "Dy", "xpos": 12, "ypos": 9, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f¹⁰ 6s²", "electron_affinity": 33.96, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.22, "ionization_energies": [573, 1130, 2200, 3990], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_066_dysprosium/element_066_dysprosium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Holmium", "atomic_mass": 164.93033, "boil": 2873, "category": "lanthanide", "density": 8.79, "discovered_by": "Marc Delafontaine, Jacques-Louis Soret, and Per Teodor Cleve", "melt": 1734, "number": 67, "period": 6, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Holmium is a chemical element with symbol Ho and atomic number 67. Part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a rare earth element. Holmium is a relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metal.", "symbol": "Ho", "xpos": 13, "ypos": 9, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 29, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f¹¹ 6s²", "electron_affinity": 32.61, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.23, "ionization_energies": [581, 1140, 2204, 4100], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_067_holmium/element_067_holmium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Erbium", "atomic_mass": 167.259, "boil": 3141, "category": "lanthanide", "density": 9.066, "discovered_by": "Carl Gustaf Mosander", "melt": 1802, "number": 68, "period": 6, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Erbium is a chemical element in the lanthanide series, with symbol Er and atomic number 68. A silvery-white solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with other elements on Earth.", "symbol": "Er", "xpos": 14, "ypos": 9, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f¹² 6s²", "electron_affinity": 30.1, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.24, "ionization_energies": [589.3, 1150, 2194, 4120], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_068_erbium/element_068_erbium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Thulium", "atomic_mass": 168.93422, "boil": 2223, "category": "lanthanide", "density": 9.32, "discovered_by": "Per Teodor Cleve", "melt": 1818, "number": 69, "period": 6, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Thulium is a chemical element with symbol Tm and atomic number 69. It is the thirteenth element in the lanthanide series. Like the other lanthanides, the most common oxidation state is +3, seen in its oxide, halides and other compounds.", "symbol": "Tm", "xpos": 15, "ypos": 9, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f¹³ 6s²", "electron_affinity": 99, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.25, "ionization_energies": [596.7, 1160, 2285, 4120], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_069_thulium/element_069_thulium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Ytterbium", "atomic_mass": 173.045, "boil": 1469, "category": "lanthanide", "density": 6.9, "discovered_by": "Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac", "melt": 1097, "number": 70, "period": 6, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Ytterbium is a chemical element with symbol Yb and atomic number 70. It is the fourteenth and penultimate element in the lanthanide series, which is the basis of the relative stability of its +2 oxidation state.", "symbol": "Yb", "xpos": 16, "ypos": 9, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 6s²", "electron_affinity": -1.93, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.1, "ionization_energies": [603.4, 1174.8, 2417, 4203], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_070_ytterbium/element_070_ytterbium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Lutetium", "atomic_mass": 174.9668, "boil": 3675, "category": "lanthanide", "density": 9.841, "discovered_by": "Carl Auer von Welsbach & Georges Urbain", "melt": 1925, "number": 71, "period": 6, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Lutetium is a chemical element with symbol Lu and atomic number 71. It is a silvery white metal, which resists corrosion in dry, but not in moist air. It is the last element in the lanthanide series, and is traditionally counted among the rare earths.", "symbol": "Lu", "xpos": 17, "ypos": 9, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 9, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹ 6s²", "electron_affinity": 33.4, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.27, "ionization_energies": [523.5, 1340, 2022.3, 4370, 6445], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_071_lutetium/element_071_lutetium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Hafnium", "atomic_mass": 178.49, "boil": 4876, "category": "transition metal", "density": 13.31, "discovered_by": "Dirk Coster & Georg von Hevesy", "melt": 2506, "number": 72, "period": 6, "group": 4, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Hafnium is a chemical element with symbol Hf and atomic number 72. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals.", "symbol": "Hf", "xpos": 4, "ypos": 6, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d² 6s²", "electron_affinity": 17.18, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.3, "ionization_energies": [658.5, 1440, 2250, 3216], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_072_hafnium/element_072_hafnium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Tantalum", "atomic_mass": 180.94788, "boil": 5731, "category": "transition metal", "density": 16.69, "discovered_by": "Anders Gustaf Ekeberg", "melt": 3290, "number": 73, "period": 6, "group": 5, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Tantalum is a chemical element with symbol Ta and atomic number 73. Previously known as tantalium, its name comes from Tantalus, an antihero from Greek mythology. Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion-resistant.", "symbol": "Ta", "xpos": 5, "ypos": 6, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 11, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d³ 6s²", "electron_affinity": 31, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.5, "ionization_energies": [761, 1500], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_073_tantalum/element_073_tantalum_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Tungsten", "atomic_mass": 183.84, "boil": 6203, "category": "transition metal", "density": 19.25, "discovered_by": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele", "melt": 3695, "number": 74, "period": 6, "group": 6, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Tungsten, also known as wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W and atomic number 74. The word tungsten comes from the Swedish language tung sten, which directly translates to heavy stone.", "symbol": "W", "xpos": 6, "ypos": 6, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²", "electron_affinity": 78.76, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.36, "ionization_energies": [770, 1700], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_074_tungsten/element_074_tungsten_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Rhenium", "atomic_mass": 186.207, "boil": 5869, "category": "transition metal", "density": 21.02, "discovered_by": "Masataka Ogawa, Otto Berg, and Walter Noddack", "melt": 3459, "number": 75, "period": 6, "group": 7, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Rhenium is a chemical element with symbol Re and atomic number 75. It is a silvery-white, heavy, third-row transition metal in group 7 of the periodic table. With an estimated average concentration of 1 part per billion (ppb), rhenium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth's crust.", "symbol": "Re", "xpos": 7, "ypos": 6, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 13, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁵ 6s²", "electron_affinity": 5.8273, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.9, "ionization_energies": [760, 1260, 2510, 3640], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_075_rhenium/element_075_rhenium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Osmium", "atomic_mass": 190.23, "boil": 5285, "category": "transition metal", "density": 22.59, "discovered_by": "Smithson Tennant", "melt": 3306, "number": 76, "period": 6, "group": 8, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Osmium is a chemical element with symbol Os and atomic number 76. It is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group that is found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores. Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element.", "symbol": "Os", "xpos": 8, "ypos": 6, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁶ 6s²", "electron_affinity": 103.99, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.2, "ionization_energies": [840, 1600], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_076_osmium/element_076_osmium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Iridium", "atomic_mass": 192.217, "boil": 4403, "category": "transition metal", "density": 22.56, "discovered_by": "Smithson Tennant", "melt": 2719, "number": 77, "period": 6, "group": 9, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Iridium is a chemical element with symbol Ir and atomic number 77. A very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum group, iridium is generally credited with being the second densest element and is the most corrosion-resistant metal.", "symbol": "Ir", "xpos": 9, "ypos": 6, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁷ 6s²", "electron_affinity": 150.94, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.2, "ionization_energies": [880, 1600], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_077_iridium/element_077_iridium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Platinum", "atomic_mass": 195.084, "boil": 4098, "category": "transition metal", "density": 21.45, "discovered_by": "Antonio de Ulloa", "melt": 2041.4, "number": 78, "period": 6, "group": 10, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Platinum is a chemical element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silvery-white transition metal. Its name is derived from the Spanish term platina, which is literally 'little silver'.", "symbol": "Pt", "xpos": 10, "ypos": 6, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁹ 6s¹", "electron_affinity": 205.041, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.28, "ionization_energies": [870, 1791], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_078_platinum/element_078_platinum_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Gold", "atomic_mass": 196.966569, "boil": 3243, "category": "transition metal", "density": 19.3, "discovered_by": "Middle East", "melt": 1337.33, "number": 79, "period": 6, "group": 11, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au and atomic number 79. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element.", "symbol": "Au", "xpos": 11, "ypos": 6, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s¹", "electron_affinity": 222.747, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.54, "ionization_energies": [890.1, 1980], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_079_gold/element_079_gold_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Mercury", "atomic_mass": 200.592, "boil": 629.88, "category": "transition metal", "density": 13.534, "discovered_by": "unknown, before 2000 BC", "melt": 234.321, "number": 80, "period": 6, "group": 12, "phase": "Liquid", "summary": "Mercury is a chemical element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is commonly known as quicksilver. A heavy, silvery d-block element, mercury is the only metallic element that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure.", "symbol": "Hg", "xpos": 12, "ypos": 6, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s²", "electron_affinity": -48, "electronegativity_pauling": 2, "ionization_energies": [1007.1, 1810, 3300], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_080_mercury/element_080_mercury_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Thallium", "atomic_mass": 204.38, "boil": 1746, "category": "post-transition metal", "density": 11.85, "discovered_by": "William Crookes", "melt": 577, "number": 81, "period": 6, "group": 13, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Thallium is a chemical element with symbol Tl and atomic number 81. This soft gray post-transition metal is not found free in nature. When isolated, it resembles tin, but discolors when exposed to air.", "symbol": "Tl", "xpos": 13, "ypos": 6, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p¹", "electron_affinity": 36.4, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.62, "ionization_energies": [589.4, 1971, 2878], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_081_thallium/element_081_thallium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Lead", "atomic_mass": 207.2, "boil": 2022, "category": "post-transition metal", "density": 11.34, "discovered_by": "Middle East", "melt": 600.61, "number": 82, "period": 6, "group": 14, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Lead is a chemical element in the carbon group with symbol Pb and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable and heavy post-transition metal. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed to air.", "symbol": "Pb", "xpos": 14, "ypos": 6, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p²", "electron_affinity": 34.4204, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.87, "ionization_energies": [715.6, 1450.5, 3081.5, 4083, 6640], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_082_lead/element_082_lead_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Bismuth", "atomic_mass": 208.98040, "boil": 1837, "category": "post-transition metal", "density": 9.78, "discovered_by": "Claude François Geoffroy", "melt": 544.7, "number": 83, "period": 6, "group": 15, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Bismuth is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83. It is a pentavalent post-transition metal and one of the pnictogens with chemical properties resembling its lighter homologs arsenic and antimony.", "symbol": "Bi", "xpos": 15, "ypos": 6, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³", "electron_affinity": 90.924, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.02, "ionization_energies": [703, 1610, 2466, 4370, 5400, 8520], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_083_bismuth/element_083_bismuth_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Polonium", "atomic_mass": 209, "boil": 1235, "category": "post-transition metal", "density": 9.196, "discovered_by": "Pierre Curie & Marie Curie", "melt": 527, "number": 84, "period": 6, "group": 16, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84, discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie and Pierre Curie. A rare and highly radioactive element with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to bismuth and tellurium.", "symbol": "Po", "xpos": 16, "ypos": 6, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁴", "electron_affinity": 136, "electronegativity_pauling": 2, "ionization_energies": [812.1], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_084_polonium/element_084_polonium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Astatine", "atomic_mass": 210, "boil": 610, "category": "metalloid", "density": 6.35, "discovered_by": "Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, and Emilio Segrè", "melt": 575, "number": 85, "period": 6, "group": 17, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Astatine is a very rare radioactive chemical element with the chemical symbol At and atomic number 85. It occurs on Earth as the decay product of various heavier elements. All its isotopes are short-lived; the most stable is astatine-210, with a half-life of 8.1 hours.", "symbol": "At", "xpos": 17, "ypos": 6, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 7], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁵", "electron_affinity": 233, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.2, "ionization_energies": [899.003], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_085_astatine/element_085_astatine_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Radon", "atomic_mass": 222, "boil": 211.5, "category": "noble gas", "density": 9.73, "discovered_by": "Friedrich Ernst Dorn", "melt": 202, "number": 86, "period": 6, "group": 18, "phase": "Gas", "summary": "Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86. It is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, occurring naturally as a decay product of uranium or thorium.", "symbol": "Rn", "xpos": 18, "ypos": 6, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁶", "electron_affinity": -68, "electronegativity_pauling": 2.2, "ionization_energies": [1037], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_086_radon/element_086_radon_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Francium", "atomic_mass": 223, "boil": 950, "category": "alkali metal", "density": 1.87, "discovered_by": "Marguerite Perey", "melt": 300, "number": 87, "period": 7, "group": 1, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Francium is a chemical element with symbol Fr and atomic number 87. It used to be known as eka-caesium and actinium K. It is the second-least electronegative element, behind only caesium, and is the second rarest naturally occurring element (after astatine).", "symbol": "Fr", "xpos": 1, "ypos": 7, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 1], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 7s¹", "electron_affinity": 46.89, "electronegativity_pauling": 0.7, "ionization_energies": [380], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_087_francium/element_087_francium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Radium", "atomic_mass": 226, "boil": 2010, "category": "alkaline earth metal", "density": 5.5, "discovered_by": "Pierre Curie & Marie Curie", "melt": 1233, "number": 88, "period": 7, "group": 2, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Radium is a chemical element with symbol Ra and atomic number 88. It is the sixth element in group 2 of the periodic table, also known as the alkaline earth metals. Pure radium is silvery-white, but it readily combines with nitrogen on exposure to air.", "symbol": "Ra", "xpos": 2, "ypos": 7, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 7s²", "electron_affinity": 9.6485, "electronegativity_pauling": 0.9, "ionization_energies": [509.3, 979], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_088_radium/element_088_radium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Actinium", "atomic_mass": 227, "boil": 3500, "category": "actinide", "density": 10, "discovered_by": "Friedrich Oskar Giesel & André-Louis Debierne", "melt": 1500, "number": 89, "period": 7, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Actinium is a radioactive chemical element with symbol Ac and atomic number 89, which was discovered in 1899. It was the first non-primordial radioactive element to be isolated.", "symbol": "Ac", "xpos": 3, "ypos": 10, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 9, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 6d¹ 7s²", "electron_affinity": 33.77, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.1, "ionization_energies": [499, 1170], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_089_actinium/element_089_actinium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Thorium", "atomic_mass": 232.0377, "boil": 5061, "category": "actinide", "density": 11.724, "discovered_by": "Jöns Jacob Berzelius", "melt": 2023, "number": 90, "period": 7, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Thorium is a chemical element with symbol Th and atomic number 90. A radioactive actinide metal, thorium is one of only two significantly radioactive elements that still occur naturally in large quantities as a primordial element (the other being uranium).", "symbol": "Th", "xpos": 4, "ypos": 10, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 6d² 7s²", "electron_affinity": 112.72, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.3, "ionization_energies": [587, 1110, 1930, 2780], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_090_thorium/element_090_thorium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Protactinium", "atomic_mass": 231.03588, "boil": 4300, "category": "actinide", "density": 15.37, "discovered_by": "Kasimir Fajans & Oswald Helmuth Göhring", "melt": 1841, "number": 91, "period": 7, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Protactinium is a chemical element with symbol Pa and atomic number 91. It is a dense, silvery-gray metal which readily reacts with oxygen, water vapor and inorganic acids.", "symbol": "Pa", "xpos": 5, "ypos": 10, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 20, 9, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f² 6d¹ 7s²", "electron_affinity": 53.03, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.5, "ionization_energies": [568], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_091_protactinium/element_091_protactinium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Uranium", "atomic_mass": 238.02891, "boil": 4404, "category": "actinide", "density": 19.1, "discovered_by": "Martin Heinrich Klaproth", "melt": 1405.3, "number": 92, "period": 7, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons.", "symbol": "U", "xpos": 6, "ypos": 10, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 21, 9, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f³ 6d¹ 7s²", "electron_affinity": 50.94, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.38, "ionization_energies": [597.6, 1420], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_092_uranium/element_092_uranium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Neptunium", "atomic_mass": 237, "boil": 4273, "category": "actinide", "density": 20.45, "discovered_by": "Edwin McMillan & Philip H. Abelson", "melt": 912, "number": 93, "period": 7, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Neptunium is a chemical element with symbol Np and atomic number 93. A radioactive actinide metal, neptunium is the first transuranic element.", "symbol": "Np", "xpos": 7, "ypos": 10, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 22, 9, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f⁴ 6d¹ 7s²", "electron_affinity": 45.85, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.36, "ionization_energies": [604.5], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_093_neptunium/element_093_neptunium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Plutonium", "atomic_mass": 244, "boil": 3505, "category": "actinide", "density": 19.816, "discovered_by": "Glenn T. Seaborg et al.", "melt": 912.5, "number": 94, "period": 7, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Plutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94. It is an actinide metal of silvery-gray appearance that tarnishes when exposed to air.", "symbol": "Pu", "xpos": 8, "ypos": 10, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f⁶ 7s²", "electron_affinity": -18, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.28, "ionization_energies": [584.7], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_094_plutonium/element_094_plutonium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Americium", "atomic_mass": 243, "boil": 2880, "category": "actinide", "density": 12, "discovered_by": "Glenn T. Seaborg et al.", "melt": 1449, "number": 95, "period": 7, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Americium is a radioactive transuranic chemical element with symbol Am and atomic number 95. This member of the actinide series is located in the periodic table under the lanthanide element europium, and thus by analogy was named after the Americas.", "symbol": "Am", "xpos": 9, "ypos": 10, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f⁷ 7s²", "electron_affinity": 9.93, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.3, "ionization_energies": [578], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_095_americium/element_095_americium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Curium", "atomic_mass": 247, "boil": 3383, "category": "actinide", "density": 13.51, "discovered_by": "Glenn T. Seaborg et al.", "melt": 1613, "number": 96, "period": 7, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Curium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Cm and atomic number 96. This element of the actinide series was named after Marie and Pierre Curie – both were known for their research on radioactivity.", "symbol": "Cm", "xpos": 10, "ypos": 10, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 9, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f⁷ 6d¹ 7s²", "electron_affinity": 27.17, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.3, "ionization_energies": [581], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_096_curium/element_096_curium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Berkelium", "atomic_mass": 247, "boil": 2900, "category": "actinide", "density": 14.78, "discovered_by": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory", "melt": 1259, "number": 97, "period": 7, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Berkelium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Bk and atomic number 97. It is a member of the actinide and transuranium element series. It is named after the city of Berkeley, California, the location of the University of California Radiation Laboratory where it was discovered.", "symbol": "Bk", "xpos": 11, "ypos": 10, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 27, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f⁹ 7s²", "electron_affinity": -165.24, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.3, "ionization_energies": [601], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_097_berkelium/element_097_berkelium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Californium", "atomic_mass": 251, "boil": 1743, "category": "actinide", "density": 15.1, "discovered_by": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory", "melt": 1173, "number": 98, "period": 7, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Californium is a radioactive metallic chemical element with symbol Cf and atomic number 98. The element was first made in 1950 at the University of California Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley.", "symbol": "Cf", "xpos": 12, "ypos": 10, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f¹⁰ 7s²", "electron_affinity": -97.31, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.3, "ionization_energies": [608], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_098_californium/element_098_californium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Einsteinium", "atomic_mass": 252, "boil": 1269, "category": "actinide", "density": 8.84, "discovered_by": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory", "melt": 1133, "number": 99, "period": 7, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Einsteinium is a synthetic element with symbol Es and atomic number 99. It is the seventh transuranic element, and an actinide. Einsteinium was discovered as a component of the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952, and named after Albert Einstein.", "symbol": "Es", "xpos": 13, "ypos": 10, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 29, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f¹¹ 7s²", "electron_affinity": -28.6, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.3, "ionization_energies": [619], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_099_einsteinium/element_099_einsteinium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Fermium", "atomic_mass": 257, "boil": null, "category": "actinide", "density": null, "discovered_by": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory", "melt": 1800, "number": 100, "period": 7, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Fermium is a synthetic element with symbol Fm and atomic number 100. It is a member of the actinide series. It is the heaviest element that can be formed by neutron bombardment of lighter elements, and hence the last element that can be prepared in macroscopic quantities.", "symbol": "Fm", "xpos": 14, "ypos": 10, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 30, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f¹² 7s²", "electron_affinity": 33.96, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.3, "ionization_energies": [627], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_100_fermium/element_100_fermium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Mendelevium", "atomic_mass": 258, "boil": null, "category": "actinide", "density": null, "discovered_by": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory", "melt": 1100, "number": 101, "period": 7, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Mendelevium is a synthetic element with chemical symbol Md and atomic number 101. A metallic radioactive transuranic element in the actinide series, it is the first element that currently cannot be produced in macroscopic quantities through neutron bombardment of lighter elements.", "symbol": "Md", "xpos": 15, "ypos": 10, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 31, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f¹³ 7s²", "electron_affinity": 94.03, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.3, "ionization_energies": [635], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_101_mendelevium/element_101_mendelevium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Nobelium", "atomic_mass": 259, "boil": null, "category": "actinide", "density": null, "discovered_by": "Joint Institute for Nuclear Research", "melt": 1100, "number": 102, "period": 7, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Nobelium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol No and atomic number 102. It is named in honor of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite and benefactor of science. A radioactive metal, it is the tenth transuranic element and is the penultimate member of the actinide series.", "symbol": "No", "xpos": 16, "ypos": 10, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 8, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 7s²", "electron_affinity": -223.22, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.3, "ionization_energies": [642], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_102_nobelium/element_102_nobelium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Lawrencium", "atomic_mass": 266, "boil": null, "category": "actinide", "density": null, "discovered_by": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory", "melt": 1900, "number": 103, "period": 7, "group": 3, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Lawrencium is a synthetic chemical element with chemical symbol Lr and atomic number 103. It is named in honor of Ernest Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron, a device that was used to discover many artificial radioactive elements.", "symbol": "Lr", "xpos": 17, "ypos": 10, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 8, 3], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 7s² 7p¹", "electron_affinity": -30.04, "electronegativity_pauling": 1.3, "ionization_energies": [470], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_103_lawrencium/element_103_lawrencium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Rutherfordium", "atomic_mass": 267, "boil": null, "category": "transition metal", "density": null, "discovered_by": "Joint Institute for Nuclear Research", "melt": null, "number": 104, "period": 7, "group": 4, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Rutherfordium is a chemical element with symbol Rf and atomic number 104, named in honor of physicist Ernest Rutherford. It is a synthetic element and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, ²⁶⁷Rf, has a half-life of approximately 1.3 hours.", "symbol": "Rf", "xpos": 4, "ypos": 7, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 10, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d² 7s²", "electron_affinity": null, "electronegativity_pauling": null, "ionization_energies": [580], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_104_rutherfordium/element_104_rutherfordium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Dubnium", "atomic_mass": 268, "boil": null, "category": "transition metal", "density": null, "discovered_by": "Joint Institute for Nuclear Research", "melt": null, "number": 105, "period": 7, "group": 5, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Dubnium is a chemical element with symbol Db and atomic number 105. It is named after the town of Dubna in Russia, where it was first produced. It is a synthetic element and radioactive.", "symbol": "Db", "xpos": 5, "ypos": 7, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 11, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d³ 7s²", "electron_affinity": null, "electronegativity_pauling": null, "ionization_energies": [660], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_105_dubnium/element_105_dubnium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Seaborgium", "atomic_mass": 269, "boil": null, "category": "transition metal", "density": null, "discovered_by": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory", "melt": null, "number": 106, "period": 7, "group": 6, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Seaborgium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Sg and atomic number 106. It is named after the American nuclear chemist Glenn T. Seaborg. As a synthetic element, it can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature.", "symbol": "Sg", "xpos": 6, "ypos": 7, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 12, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d⁴ 7s²", "electron_affinity": null, "electronegativity_pauling": null, "ionization_energies": [760], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_106_seaborgium/element_106_seaborgium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Bohrium", "atomic_mass": 270, "boil": null, "category": "transition metal", "density": null, "discovered_by": "Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung", "melt": null, "number": 107, "period": 7, "group": 7, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Bohrium is a chemical element with symbol Bh and atomic number 107. It is named after Danish physicist Niels Bohr. It is a synthetic element and radioactive.", "symbol": "Bh", "xpos": 7, "ypos": 7, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 13, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d⁵ 7s²", "electron_affinity": null, "electronegativity_pauling": null, "ionization_energies": [740], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_107_bohrium/element_107_bohrium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Hassium", "atomic_mass": 269, "boil": null, "category": "transition metal", "density": null, "discovered_by": "Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung", "melt": null, "number": 108, "period": 7, "group": 8, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Hassium is a chemical element with symbol Hs and atomic number 108, named after the German state of Hesse. It is a synthetic element and radioactive.", "symbol": "Hs", "xpos": 8, "ypos": 7, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 14, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d⁶ 7s²", "electron_affinity": null, "electronegativity_pauling": null, "ionization_energies": [730], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_108_hassium/element_108_hassium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Meitnerium", "atomic_mass": 278, "boil": null, "category": "unknown, probably transition metal", "density": null, "discovered_by": "Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung", "melt": null, "number": 109, "period": 7, "group": 9, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Meitnerium is a chemical element with symbol Mt and atomic number 109. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element. The most stable known isotope, meitnerium-278, has a half-life of 7.6 seconds.", "symbol": "Mt", "xpos": 9, "ypos": 7, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 15, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d⁷ 7s²", "electron_affinity": null, "electronegativity_pauling": null, "ionization_energies": [800], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_109_meitnerium/element_109_meitnerium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Darmstadtium", "atomic_mass": 281, "boil": null, "category": "unknown, probably transition metal", "density": null, "discovered_by": "Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung", "melt": null, "number": 110, "period": 7, "group": 10, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Darmstadtium is a chemical element with symbol Ds and atomic number 110. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element. The most stable known isotope, darmstadtium-281, has a half-life of approximately 10 seconds.", "symbol": "Ds", "xpos": 10, "ypos": 7, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 16, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d⁸ 7s²", "electron_affinity": null, "electronegativity_pauling": null, "ionization_energies": [960], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_110_darmstadtium/element_110_darmstadtium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Roentgenium", "atomic_mass": 282, "boil": null, "category": "unknown, probably transition metal", "density": null, "discovered_by": "Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung", "melt": null, "number": 111, "period": 7, "group": 11, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Roentgenium is a chemical element with symbol Rg and atomic number 111. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element; the most stable known isotope, roentgenium-282, has a half-life of 2.1 minutes.", "symbol": "Rg", "xpos": 11, "ypos": 7, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 17, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d⁹ 7s²", "electron_affinity": null, "electronegativity_pauling": null, "ionization_energies": [1140], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_111_roentgenium/element_111_roentgenium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Copernicium", "atomic_mass": 285, "boil": 357, "category": "transition metal", "density": null, "discovered_by": "Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung", "melt": null, "number": 112, "period": 7, "group": 12, "phase": "Gas", "summary": "Copernicium is a chemical element with symbol Cn and atomic number 112. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element that can only be created in a laboratory. The most stable known isotope, copernicium-285, has a half-life of approximately 29 seconds.", "symbol": "Cn", "xpos": 12, "ypos": 7, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 2], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s²", "electron_affinity": null, "electronegativity_pauling": null, "ionization_energies": [1150], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_112_copernicium/element_112_copernicium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Nihonium", "atomic_mass": 286, "boil": 1430, "category": "unknown, probably post-transition metal", "density": null, "discovered_by": "RIKEN", "melt": 700, "number": 113, "period": 7, "group": 13, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Nihonium is a chemical element with symbol Nh and atomic number 113. It is a synthetic element and is extremely radioactive; its most stable known isotope, nihonium-286, has a half-life of about 10 seconds.", "symbol": "Nh", "xpos": 13, "ypos": 7, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 3], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p¹", "electron_affinity": null, "electronegativity_pauling": null, "ionization_energies": [720], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_113_nihonium/element_113_nihonium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Flerovium", "atomic_mass": 289, "boil": 210, "category": "post-transition metal", "density": null, "discovered_by": "Joint Institute for Nuclear Research", "melt": null, "number": 114, "period": 7, "group": 14, "phase": "Gas", "summary": "Flerovium is a superheavy artificial chemical element with symbol Fl and atomic number 114. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element. The element is named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, where the element was discovered in 1998.", "symbol": "Fl", "xpos": 14, "ypos": 7, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 4], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p²", "electron_affinity": null, "electronegativity_pauling": null, "ionization_energies": [820], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_114_flerovium/element_114_flerovium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Moscovium", "atomic_mass": 289, "boil": 1400, "category": "unknown, probably post-transition metal", "density": null, "discovered_by": "Joint Institute for Nuclear Research", "melt": 670, "number": 115, "period": 7, "group": 15, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Moscovium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Mc and atomic number 115. It was first synthesized in 2003 by a joint team of Russian and American scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia.", "symbol": "Mc", "xpos": 15, "ypos": 7, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 5], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p³", "electron_affinity": null, "electronegativity_pauling": null, "ionization_energies": [540], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_115_moscovium/element_115_moscovium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Livermorium", "atomic_mass": 293, "boil": 1035, "category": "unknown, probably post-transition metal", "density": null, "discovered_by": "Joint Institute for Nuclear Research", "melt": 709, "number": 116, "period": 7, "group": 16, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Livermorium is a synthetic superheavy element with symbol Lv and atomic number 116. It is an extremely radioactive element that has only been created in the laboratory and has not been observed in nature. The element is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States.", "symbol": "Lv", "xpos": 16, "ypos": 7, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 6], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p⁴", "electron_affinity": null, "electronegativity_pauling": null, "ionization_energies": [720], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_116_livermorium/element_116_livermorium_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Tennessine", "atomic_mass": 294, "boil": 883, "category": "unknown, probably metalloid", "density": null, "discovered_by": "Joint Institute for Nuclear Research", "melt": 723, "number": 117, "period": 7, "group": 17, "phase": "Solid", "summary": "Tennessine is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Ts and atomic number 117. It is the second-heaviest known element and the penultimate element of the 7th period of the periodic table. The discovery of tennessine was officially announced in Dubna, Russia, in 2010.", "symbol": "Ts", "xpos": 17, "ypos": 7, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 7], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p⁵", "electron_affinity": null, "electronegativity_pauling": null, "ionization_energies": [740], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_117_tennessine/element_117_tennessine_srp_th.png" }, { "name": "Oganesson", "atomic_mass": 294, "boil": 350, "category": "unknown, predicted to be noble gas", "density": null, "discovered_by": "Joint Institute for Nuclear Research", "melt": null, "number": 118, "period": 7, "group": 18, "phase": "Gas", "summary": "Oganesson is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Og and atomic number 118. It was first synthesized in 2002 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia. It is an extremely radioactive element and the heaviest element known.", "symbol": "Og", "xpos": 18, "ypos": 7, "shells": [2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8], "electron_configuration_semantic": "[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p⁶", "electron_affinity": null, "electronegativity_pauling": null, "ionization_energies": [860], "bohr_model_image": "https://storage.googleapis.com/search-ar-edu/periodic-table/element_118_oganesson/element_118_oganesson_srp_th.png" } ]